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Cleitarchus Reconstruction

Project for the Reconstruction of the History of Alexander by Cleitarchus

Books 1 to 4: in progress

Books 4 to 6: Alexander the Great and the Conquest of the Persians

Introduction

Alexander the Great and the Conquest of the Persians

The most influential account of the career of Alexander the Great was penned by Cleitarchus in the decades after Alexander's death. Most of the surviving ancient texts on Alexander were based upon his work, but every copy of the original was destroyed in antiquity. Now the entire book is being revived in an exciting reconstruction based upon an in-depth analysis of the surviving ancient works that it inspired. This volume presents the section dealing with Alexander's conquest of the Persians, from his initial defeat of Darius at Issus in 333BC through to the death of the Persian Great King in July of 330BC. This was the time when the earth began to shake upon Alexander's every footfall. This was when anything and everything began to seem possible. It was to something like this that Christopher Marlowe alluded when he asked, Is it not passing brave to be a king and ride in triumph through Persepolis? And yet frequently in Cleitarchus account Alexander was compelled to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat. Overwhelmingly outnumbered at Issus, he was also outflanked and encircled at Gaugamela. On several occasions he came close to abandoning the siege of Tyre and he nearly perished when he became lost in the Libyan desert. This volume tells the thrilling tale of Alexander's successive triumphs in the face of adversity.

Title:

Alexander the Great and the Conquest of the Persians

Author:

Andrew Michael Chugg

Pages:

230

Illustrations:

32 Figures & Images

ISBN:

978-0-9556790-7-0

Contents

1.

Introduction

1

2.

Matters of Historical Relevance

Is Arrian  Reliable? The Three Peace Offers from Darius . Dating Issues Including the Fall of Tyre and Arbela. The Appointment of the King of Sidon . Did Alexander Visit Upper Egypt? The Location of the Battle of Arbela or Gaugamela. The Burning of Persepolis. Did Darius Agree To Surrender in July 330BC? Alexander�s Route.

6

3.

Book 4: 25th September 333BC 13th October 332BC

The Battle of Issus; An Interview with the Queens; The Treasures at Damascus; The First Letter from Darius; A New King for Sidon ; The Siege of Tyre.

37

4.

Book 5: 14th October 332BC 1st October 331BC

Second Peace Offer from Darius; The Siege of Gaza; Occupation of Egypt ; Expedition to Siwa; Foundation of Alexandria; The March back to Byblos; The Preparations of Darius; Alexander's Advance into Mesopotamia; Crossing the Tigris; Death of Stateira ; Third Peace Offer from Darius; The Battle of Arbela.

77

5.

Book 6: October 2nd 331BC July 330BC

The Escape of Darius  and the Capture of Treasure at Arbela; Mennis and the Cave of Naphtha; The Occupation of Babylon ; the Seizure of Susa; The Capture of the Susian Gates ; Meeting with the Mutilated Greeks; The Burning of Persepolis; The Pursuit of Darius and his Murder by Bessus.

125

6.

Organisation And Sources

168

7.

Bibliography

202

8.

Acknowledgements

210

9.

Index

211

Images

Figure 2.1. The site of the Battle of Arbela/Gaugamela

Figure 4.5. Alexander and Hephaistion visit the Persian Royal Family (Charles Le Brun)

Figure 5.8. Alexander directs an assault upon Tyre (Antonio Tempesta, 1608)

Sample Chapter

Conquest_of_the_ Persians_sample.pdf

How to Buy

Available through Amazon and other online book stores from February 2014.

Reviews

Not yet available.

Press Release

Not yet available.

Books 5 & 6: Alexander the Great and the Defeat and Death of Darius

Introduction

Alexander the Great and the Defeat and Death of Darius


The fifth and sixth books of Andrew Chugg's Reconstruction of Cleitarchus were published on Amazon Kindle in February 2013. They cover the period from the siege of Gaza to the death of Darius, including Alexander�s visit to the Oracle of Ammon at the Siwa oasis, his triumphant victory at Gaugamela and the razing of the palace at Persepolis. The Amazon Kindle page is located here:
 
http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00BGVJCCY
 

The download price is a minimal $3 and a preview is available from the Amazon page (click on "Look Inside"). Please note that you do not need a Kindle viewer, since Amazon provides a FREE software reader for your PC that can be downloaded from here:

http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=hp_bc_nav?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200488000
 

Title:

Alexander the Great and the Defeat and Death of Darius

Author:

Andrew Michael Chugg

Pages:

123

Illustrations:

19 Figures & Images

ASIN:

B00BGVJCCY

Contents

1.

Introduction

 
2.

 
Book Five: 14th October 332BC  1st October 331BC

Second Peace Offer from Darius; The Siege of Gaza; Occupation of Egypt; Expedition to Siwa; Foundation of Alexandria; The March back to Byblos; The Preparations of Darius; Alexander's Advance into Mesopotamia; Crossing the Tigris; Death of Stateira; Third Peace Offer from Darius; The Battle of Arbela.
 

 
3.

 
Book Six: October 2nd 331BC July 330BC

The Escape of Darius and the Capture of Treasure at Arbela; Mennis and the Cave of Naphtha; The Occupation of Babylon; the Seizure of Susa; The Capture of the Susian Gates; Meeting with the Mutilated Greeks; The Burning of Persepolis; The Pursuit of Darius and his Murder by Bessus
 

Images

Fig. 5.3 Alexander is greeted as the Son of Zeus by the eldest priest at Siwa (1696)

Figure 6.10. Alexander cloaks the corpse of Darius
(Antonio Tempesta, 1608)

Sample Section

Click on "Look Inside" on the Amazon Kindle page here: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00BGVJCCY

How to Buy

Reviews

Not yet available.

Books 7 to 9: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan

Introduction

 
Alexander the Great in Afghanistan: A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus
 

The most influential account of the career of Alexander the Great was penned by Cleitarchus in the decades after Alexander's death. Most of the surviving ancient texts on Alexander were based upon his work, but every copy of the original was destroyed in antiquity. Now the entire book is being revived in an exciting reconstruction based upon an in-depth analysis of the surviving ancient works that it inspired. This volume presents the section dealing with Alexander's campaigns in Afghanistan. It became a blood-soaked slog against unrelenting opponents who adopted the same guerrilla resistance as is seen there today. Alexander was also beset by internal dissension with treason and plot within his own camp. How he coped with these dual challenges, through ruthless force in combination with conciliatory gestures, still offers useful lessons in strategy. Alexander was uniquely successful in establishing the region�s rule by Greek kings for the next few centuries. A date for Alexander's accession is also proposed.

Title:

Alexander the Great in Afghanistan: A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus

Author:

Andrew Michael Chugg

Pages:

212

Illustrations:

16 Figures & Images

ISBN:

978-0-9556790-3-2

Contents

1.

Introduction

1

 
2.

 
The Reconstruction Of Books Seven To Nine

Introduction; Alexander's Emulation of Cyrus and the Persianising; Geographical Errors; The Visit of the Queen of the Amazons; Prophthasia; The Culpability of Philotas and Parmenion; The Condemnation of the Branchidae; The Killing of Cleitus; The Culpability and Fates of Callisthenes and the Pages; The Marriage to Roxane; Fragments of Cleitarchus from Books Seven to Nine

 
5

 
3.

 
Book 7: July 330BC June 329BC

The Advance to Hecatompylus; Description of Hyrcania and the Caspian Sea; Surrender of Artabazus & the Greek Mercenaries; Theft of Bucephalus; Surrender of Nabarzanes; Visit of the Amazon Queen; Adoption of Persian Dress; Revolt of Satibarzanes; The Philotas Affair; Assassination of Parmenion; The Euergetae; First Crossing of the Paropamisus Range

 
39

 
4.

 
Book 8: July 329BC Autumn 328BC

Alexander's Advance to the River Oxus; Bessus Betrayed to Alexander; The Fate of the Branchidae; Alexander Wounded near Maracanda; The Revolt of Spitamenes; Alexander's Advance to the River Tanais; Annihilation of a Macedonian Column by Spitamenes and Alexander's Counterattacks; Capture of the Rock of Ariamazes

 
87

 
5.

 
Book 9: Autumn 328BC May 327BC

The Hunt in Basista; The Killing of Cleitus; The Treaty with Sisimithres; The Decapitation of Spitamenes; The Proskynesis Experiment; The Conspiracy of the Pages; The Army Caught in a Blizzard; The Marriage to Roxane

117

6.

Alexander's Route Through Afghanistan

144

7.

Organisation And Sources

149

8.


An Update On The Organisation And Structure Of Cleitarchus And The Date Of Accession Of Alexander the Great

157

9.

Bibliography

186

10.

Acknowledgements

193

 

Index

194

Images

Figure 2.1. Persian Dress (sketch by the author)

Figure 9.3. Alexander consoled by the philosophers after killing Cleitus

Sample Section

AlexAfghan_sample.pdf

How to Buy

Reviews

Not yet available.

Press Release

Not yet available.

Books 10 to 12: Alexander the Great in India

Introduction


Alexander the Great in India: A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus

The most influential account of the career of Alexander the Great was penned by Cleitarchus the son of Deinon, a Greek writing in Alexandria in the decades after Alexander's death. Most of the surviving ancient texts on Alexander were more or less based upon his work, but every single copy of the original was discarded or destroyed in antiquity. To what extent might it be possible to reconstruct it from the secondary writings? This book argues that a considerable degree of reconstruction is feasible and demonstrates the point by presenting a full reconstruction of Cleitarchus� version of Alexander's campaigns in India, the first time that this has been done.

Title:

Alexander the Great in India: A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus

Author:

Andrew Michael Chugg

Pages:

200

Illustrations:

13 Figures & Images

ISBN:

978-0-9556790-1-8

Contents

1

Introduction

1

 
2

A Basis For The Reconstruction of Cleitarchus

3

3

Book 10: June 327BC June 326BC

64

The Invasion Of India, Nysa, Mazaga, Aornus And The Battle Against Porus

4

Book 11: July 326BC May 325BC

93

Eastwards Through India, The Mutiny On The Hyphasis And The River Voyage To The Siege Of The Oxydracae

5

Book 12: June 325BC June 324BC

121

Southern India And Its Ocean, The Kedrosian Desert And The Return to Persia (click here to view PDF)

6

Alexander's Route Through India

142

7

Organisation And Sources

144

8

Bibliography

176

9

Acknowledgements

181

 

Index

182

Images

Figure 10.2. The assault on Aornus across the ravine (Antonio Tempesta, 1608)

Figure 10.3. The phalanx attacks at the Hydaspes (Andr� Castaigne, 1899)

Figure 11.3. Alexander�s lone defence within the Indian citadel (anonymous, 1696)

Sample Chapter

AlexIndia_Chapter5_Book12.pdf

How to Buy

Reviews

The following review of Alexander the Great in India has been posted by Fiona on Friday 22nd May 2009 on the Alexander the Great Discussion Forum at Pothos and on the book�s Amazon UK webpage:

http://www.pothos.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=3425&start=15#p32554

I have finished reading Alexander the Great in India today, and I enjoyed it so much, I thought I'd write a review. Here it is: This book is by no means only for the expert or the professional historian. Anyone who is interested in Alexander and familiar with the basic story will find much to enjoy. The introductory chapters are full of fascinating information about how the reconstruction was attempted, and I for one learned a great deal about many lost sources and also about the work of scholars of previous generations. There are tables of evidence, and a very useful timeline chart, showing how the lost sources and the extant ones interconnect, but most interesting to me was the way Cleitarchus himself came through, with his background, his own aims, and his style. The reconstruction itself was a totally absorbing read. The clever use of different font styles to indicate the level of certainty is very useful and is not at all off-putting when reading. The sheer coherence of the reconstructed chapters was very striking. It read like the work of one writer, it never seemed like it was patched together. Best of all was the way it shed new light and new perspectives on familiar scenes. Alexander at Mazaga, the battle against Porus, Alexander leaping down alone into the city of the Oxydracae, Ptolemy's near-fatal encounter with a poisoned arrow, the passage of Kedrosia, and the celebrations in Carmania: these were just some among many scenes where the words I was reading brought new and interesting pictures into my mind. It was like reading a freshly-discovered source, and I warmly recommend it.

Press Release

Press Release via PRWeb 06-April-2009

Book 13: The Death of Alexander the Great

Introduction


The Death of Alexander the Great: A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus

The most influential account of the career of Alexander the Great was penned by Cleitarchus the son of Deinon, a Greek writing in Alexandria in the decades after Alexander's death. Most of the surviving ancient texts on Alexander were more or less based upon his work, but every single copy of the original was discarded or destroyed in antiquity. The question is: how far might it be possible to reconstruct it from the secondary writings? In response, this book presents an extensive reconstruction of Cleitarchus' account of the death of Alexander the Great in the stifling summer heat of Babylon in 323BC. It sweeps through a dramatic series of antecedent episodes culminating in the funeral of Hephaistion. Soon after it climaxes with Alexander's own expiry, then thunders on into the shock and chaos of the aftermath in a text studded with eulogistic orations and scintillating speeches. It is a must for any fascinated by the deep political undercurrents that streamed beneath a pivotal event in our history.

Title:

The Death of Alexander the Great: A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus

Author:

Andrew Michael Chugg

Pages:

108

Illustrations:

17 Figures & Images

ISBN:

978-0-9556790-2-5

Contents

1.

Introduction

1

 
2.

 
The Reconstruction of Book 13 of Cleitarchus

Is Curtius mainly translating Cleitarchus? Poetical Devices in Cleitarchus; Fragments that Fit the Thirteenth Book; Babylon as the Metropolis; Re-Ordering Curtius on the Mutiny at Opis; The Palace Regiment of the Hypaspists and the Somatophylakes; The Large Lacuna in Curtius; Hephaistion's Pyre; Hephaistion the Demigod; The Cause of the Death of Alexander; How Did the Leading Men Split after Alexander's Death; Arrhidaeus the Fool; The First Division of the Satrapies; Last Plans; Antipater & Cassander as Regicides; The Itinerant Corpse
 

5

 
3.

 
Book 13: July 324BC July 323BC & Beyond

The Flight of Harpalus; The Exiles Decree; The Mutiny at Opis; Death of Hephaistion; The Cossaeans; Death in Babylon; Aftermath & Entombment
 

50

4.

Organisation And Sources

84

5.

Bibliography

88

6.

Acknowledgements

94

7.

Index

95

Images

Figure 13.1. Alexander seizes the leading mutineers at Opis (Andr� Castaigne, 1899)

Figure 13.3. The death of Alexander (1696)

How to Buy

Reviews

Amazon UK Reviews:

Fascinating evocation of a long lost history of Alexander, 26 May 2010, by Mr. A. G. Batt

Andrew Michael Chugg has in recent years written a series of excellent and informative books on Alexander, and this latest publication is no exception.

Following on chronologically from his earlier book Alexander in India: A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus, The Death of Alexander the great offers a reconstruction of Cleitarchus 13th and final book covering Alexanders return from India until his death in Babylon.

We know that Cleitarchus wrote probably the most influential ancient account of Alexanders life, and although it has not survived, it was used to varying degrees by most of the surviving ancient accounts of Alexander including those by Curtius, Diodorus, Justin and Plutarch. By going through these surviving sources Chugg has cleverly managed to ascertain (delineated with various degrees of probability) how these sources quoted from Cleitarchus original account. With this done, the passages have then been melded chronologically to imitate the original book.

The chapters prior to the reconstruction examine in detail events leading up to Alexander's death, and interpret his final illness - its causes and symptoms so effectively that the reader feels that any mystery surrounding his death has now been definitively explained.

The reconstruction itself is so brilliantly done, that the reader feels they are having the unique privilege of reading a primary ancient source on Alexander. It flows seamlessly and fizzes with all the action, drama and atmosphere that one could wish for and that Cleitarchus intended. Certainly one emerges with a richer interpretation of Alexander after reading this, so coherent does it seem. And this is not just a literary device cleverly employed, for in assembling this book Chugg gives us a deeper understanding of Cleitarchus' book, its influence and how ancient primary sources were used by other authors in the generations following their creation.

This enjoyable and fascinating book will satisfy scholars and casual readers alike with its mix of analysis of the ancient texts, and its exciting and highly readable reconstruction. Chugg has plans to deliver as complete a reconstruction of the other Cleitarchus books as possible, and I for one really look forward to the next instalment.

Very worthwhile, 30 May 2011, by Argyraspid

A titanic job, nothing less. What Andrew Chugg has done in this book is comparing the surviving texts from Curtius, Diodorus and Justin to filter out the original work these authors have used themselves to filter out what was written by Cleitarchus of Alexandria. To a lesser extent Chugg also includes Arrian, although this author mainly based his book on the texts left by Ptolemy, and the Metz Epitome. A very handy drawing with the links used by each and every author in antiquity is quite revealing.

Cleitarchus, son of Deinon wrote his account in the decades following Alexander's death and most of the surviving ancient texts were more or less based upon his work, although not a single copy has come to us since they all were destroyed or discarded at some time or another.

Chugg manages to pinpoint which texts or phrases are used commonly by Curtius and Diodorus, with eventually an addition when Justin uses the same words. A Table overview accounting for the matches is very helpful. And so is the Table showing the first division of the Satrapies soon after Alexander's death in Babylon listing each territory with the name of the appointed governor (satrap) as given by Diodorus, Justin, Curtius, Cleitarchus himself, as well as separately by Arrian, Dexippus and the Metz Epitome. Sounds all very technical but it becomes quite interesting when in the end we are able to read this part of Alexander's history as it was presumably put down by Cleitarchus in the first place. A daring undertaking but a highly interesting one.

Most of Chugg's book is centered around Cleitarchus' Book 13, covering the period from July 324 BC to July 323 BC and beyond, i.e. the very last year of Alexander's life. The subjects treated here are many: the Flight of Harpalus; the Exiles Decrees, the Mutiny at Opis; Death of Hephaistion; The Cosseans; Death in Babylon; Aftermath and Entombment. After a detailed comment and investigation of each chapter, one can read the full text as it may have been put down by Cleitarchus initially. A captivating story, especially since certain paragraphs have been put back in their original sequence ensuring the continuity of events.

The book ends again with a Table giving for each episode in Cleitarchus terms the corresponding sources and references with additional comments in the last column. If after all that you still have questions, please do get in touch with Andrew Chugg in person. 

5-stars: Classic reborn, April 11, 2010 By Gino Litvak

Absolute must have for anyone interested in the subject of Alexander or Ancient Greek/Macedonian history A real gem!

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